Red Hat NETSCAPE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 6.1 - COMMAND-LINE Installationsanleitung Seite 101
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Chapter 11.
Shell Prompt Basics
11.1. Why Use a Shell Prompt
Graphical environments for Linux have come a long way in the past few years. You can be perfectly
productive in the X Window System, and only have to open a shell prompt to complete a few tasks.
However, many Red Hat Linux functions can be completed faster from the shell prompt than from a
GUI. In less time than it might take you to open a file manager, locate a directory, and then create,
delete, or modify files from a GUI, you could have finished your work with just a few commands at a
shell prompt.
A shell prompt looks like an MS-DOS screen. Users type commands at a shell prompt, the shell
interprets these commands, and then the shell tells the OS what to do. Experienced users can write
shell scripts to expand their capabilities even more.
Figure 11-1. A Shell Prompt
This section explains how to navigate, manipulate files, perform simple administration tasks, and other
shell prompt basics.
11.2. The History of the Shell
In the days when AT&T’s Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson were designing UNIX™, they wanted
to create a way for people to interact with their new system.
Operating systems at that time came with command interpreters, which could take commands from
the user and interpret them so the machine could use them.
But Ritchie and Thompson wanted something more, something that offered better features than the
command interpreters available at that time. This lead to the development of the Bourne shell (known
simply as sh), created by S.R. Bourne. Since the creation of the Bourne shell, other shells have been
developed, such as the C shell (csh) and the Korn shell (ksh).
When the Free Software Foundation sought a royalty-free shell, developers began to work on the
language behind the Bourne shell as well as some of the popular features from other shells available
at the time.
- Red Hat Linux 7.3 1
- The Official Red Hat Linux 1
- Getting Started Guide 1
- Table of Contents 3
- Introduction 7
- 2. Document Conventions 8
- Mail backupfiles mail reports 9
- 5. We Need Feedback! 11
- 6. Sign Up for Support 11
- 4. Using the Mouse 11
- Chapter 1 13
- Getting Started 13
- 1.2. Logging In 14
- 1.2.1. Graphical Login 15
- 1.2.2. Virtual Console Login 15
- 1.3. Graphical Interface 16
- 1.5. Creating a User Account 17
- 1.6. Documentation Resources 19
- 1.7. Logging Out 21
- 1.7.2. Virtual Console Logout 22
- 1.8.1. Graphical Shutdown 23
- 24 Chapter 1. Getting Started 24
- Chapter 2 25
- The GNOME Desktop Environment 25
- 2.4. Using the Panel 26
- 2.4.2. Using Applets 27
- 2.5. Using Nautilus 28
- 2.6.1. Customizing GNOME 30
- 2.7. Logging Out of GNOME 31
- Chapter 3 33
- The KDE Desktop Environment 33
- 3.3. Finding Help 34
- 3.4. Using The Desktop 34
- 3.5. Using The Panel 35
- 3.5.1. Using The K Menu 36
- 3.5.2. Using Applets 36
- 3.6. Managing Files 38
- 3.6.1. The Navigation Panel 39
- 3.7. Customizing KDE 40
- 3.8. Logging Out of KDE 40
- Chapter 4 43
- Diskettes and CD-ROMs 43
- 4.1.4. Formatting a Diskette 45
- /sbin/mke2fs /dev/fd0 46
- 4.2. CD-ROMs 47
- 4.3. CD-Rs and CD-RWs 48
- .iso or .img) files need to be 49
- /home directory for backup 50
- 4.4. Additional Resources 53
- Chapter 5 55
- Getting Online 55
- Chapter 6 57
- Web Browsing 57
- 6.1.1. Mozilla Navigator 59
- 6.1.2. Mozilla Composer 60
- Chapter 6. Web Browsing 65 65
- 66 Chapter 6. Web Browsing 66
- Chapter 7 67
- Email Applications 67
- 7.2. KMail 69
- 7.3. Mozilla Mail 71
- 7.3.1. Mozilla and Newsgroups 72
- 7.4. Plain Text Email Clients 73
- Pine Main Screen 74
- Pine Compose Message Screen 74
- 7.4.2. Using mutt 75
- Chapter 8 77
- Printer Configuration 77
- Important 78
- 8.1. Adding a Local Printer 79
- 8.1.1. Printing a Test Page 81
- 8.2.1. Names and Aliases 82
- 8.2.2. Queue Type 82
- 8.2.3. Driver 82
- 8.3. Additional Resources 83
- Chapter 9 85
- /etc/modules.conf file 86
- 9.5. Games 87
- 9.6. Amusements 87
- 9.7. Finding Games Online 88
- • http://happypenguin.org/ 89
- Chapter 10 91
- Working with Images 91
- 10.1.3. Using GQview 93
- .jpg Image 94
- 10.1.4. Electric Eyes 95
- 10.2.1. GIMP Basics 96
- 10.2.2. Loading a File 96
- 10.2.3. Saving a File 97
- 10.2.4. GIMP Options 97
- 10.3. Additional Resources 98
- 10.3.1. Useful Websites 99
- 10.3.2. Related Documentation 99
- Chapter 11 101
- Shell Prompt Basics 101
- /home/sam 102
- 11.9.1. Using Redirection 108
- [sam@halloween sam]$cat 109
- 11.10. Pipes and Pagers 111
- 11.10.1. The more Command 112
- 11.11.1. The head Command 112
- 11.11.2. The tail Command 113
- 11.11.3. The grep Command 113
- • * — Matches all characters 114
- 11.14.1. The chmod Command 118
- Chapter 12 123
- 12.2.2. File Formats 124
- 12.2.3. System Files 125
- 12.3.1. File Compressing 126
- 12.3.2. File Archiving 128
- 12.4.1. Creating Files 129
- 12.4.2. Copying Files 129
- 12.4.3. Moving Files 130
- 12.5. Viewing PDFs 132
- Chapter 13 133
- 13.2. Errata List 134
- 13.3. Installation CD-ROMs 134
- Chapter 14 135
- Frequently Asked Questions 135
- 14.4. Starting Applications 136
- 14.4.1. Editing Your PATH 137
- 14.7.1. Printing ls Output 139
- 14.8.1. Other Shortcuts 139
- 14.9. Forgotten Password 140
- 14.10. Password Maintenance 140
- 14.12. Configuring X 141
- /etc/X11 directory 144
- Appendix A 145
- Applications 145
- 146 Appendix A. Applications 146
- Appendix B 147
- Commands 147
- Appendix C 149
- System Directories 149
- Appendix D 151
- Keyboard Shortcuts 151
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